Madura Lacquer Tragedy

Cases of violence experienced by Shias in Hamlet Nangkrenang, Karang Gayam village, District Omben, Sampang regency, Madura, East Java, is a human tragedy.
Because this case has been going on since 2004, the climax is the chairman of the Association of arson Jamaat Ahl al-Bait (IJABI), Tajul Muluk, along with two other Shiite pilgrims home and a musala used as a means of worship, at approximately 9:00 pm Thursday. The action was carried out by about 500 people who claim to be ahlu waljamaah sunnah.
"Action burning is the second time in December. Previously, the burning of houses Shiite pilgrims also occurred in the village of Blu'uran, Coral Penang, Sampang, on December 20 morning. At that time, the mass of even making cross on the door Moh Sirri before burning. Massa deliberately want to harm Moh Sirri family, "said activist Firdaus Akhol marginalized Communities Center for Studies (CMARs) Surabaya.
Arson is a chain of violence against Shiite pilgrims and Coral Omben Penang since 2004 due to the misguided notion Shia teachings and missionary activity carried out by Tajul Muluk.
In October 2009, a similar attack to have occurred. At that time, approximately 3000 people are ready to attack Nangkrenang. The threat of an attack occurred back on April 4, 2011 when Shia pilgrims wanted to commemorate the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad.

Dani Pedrosa beat Jorge Lorenzo

Results MotoGP Brno Czech Republic 2012, Pedrosa Wins Third
Dani Pedrosa beat Jorge Lorenzo in the last lap battle Brno MotoGP Sunday, August 26, 2012, victory is achieved Pedrosa third podium of the season.
Berlangusng race for 22 laps, was originally occupied by Lorenzo, dant Erus ole Pedrsa strictly followed. Until the last lap 11 Pedrosa took over and led the race course.
On the last lap the Spaniard duo fierce battle took place. Lorenzo passed Pedrosa and fetch over as the first, but in the last two corners Pedrosa finally able to beat Lorenzo and finished first.
In third place was occupied by Cal Crutchlow, followed by Dovizioso.
Results Race MotoGP Brno Czech Republic 2012
Pos Rider Team / Bike Time / Gap
 1. Dani Pedrosa Honda 42m51.570s
 2. Jorge Lorenzo Yamaha + 0.178s
 3. Cal Crutchlow Tech 3 Yamaha + 12.343s
 4. Andrea Dovizioso Tech 3 Yamaha + 18.591s
 5. Stefan Bradl LCR Honda + 25.582s
 6. Alvaro Bautista Gresini Honda + 29.451s
 7. Valentino Rossi Ducati + 34.514s
 8. Randy de Puniet Aspar Aprilia 1m04.285s +
 9. Karel Abraham Cardion Ducati 1m08.278s +10. Aleix Espargaro Aspar Aprilia 1m09.972s +11. Toni Elias Pramac Ducati 1m10.003s +12. Yonny Hernandez Avintia FTR-Kawasaki 1m24.040s +13. Colin Edwards Forward Suter-BMW + 1m27.898s14. Michele Pirro Gresini-Honda FTR 1m36.165s +15. James Ellison Paul Bird Aprilia 1m40.565s +16. Mattia Pasini Speed ​​Master Aprilia 1m41.226s +17. Danilo Petrucci ADOI-Aprilia + 1 LapNot Finish:
     Ivan Silva Avintia FTR-Kawasaki 9 laps
     Ben Spies Yamaha 8 laps
Despite finishing in second place, Lorenzo still leads the MotoGP standings 2012, but the difference in points with Pedrosa just 13 points thinner.

Indonesia Stock Market History

Historically, the stock market has been present long before Indonesia's independence. Capital markets or stock exchanges have been present since the Dutch colonial era, and precisely in 1912 in Batavia. Capital markets when it was founded by the Dutch colonial government for the benefit or VOC.Although the stock market has been around since 1912, the development and growth of capital markets is not running as expected, even in periods of capital market activities have a vacuum. This is caused by several factors such as World War I and II, the transfer of power from the colonial government to the government of the Republic of Indonesia, and a variety of operating conditions that cause the stock market can not function properly.The Government of the Republic of Indonesia to re-activate the capital market in 1977, and several years later as capital markets experience growth with a variety of incentives and regulations issued by the government.In short, the development of capital markets in Indonesia can be seen as follows:* December 14, 1912: The first stock exchange in Indonesia was established in Batavia by the Dutch East Indies government.* 1914 - 1918: Stock Exchange in Batavia was closed during World War I* 1925 - 1942: on the Jakarta Stock Exchange reopened along with the stock exchanges in Semarang and Surabaya* Early 1939: As a political issue (World War II) stock exchanges in Semarang and Surabaya closed.* 1942 - 1952: on the Jakarta Stock Exchange is closed again during World War II* 1952: Stock Exchange in Jakarta turned back to the Capital Markets Emergency Act 1952, issued by the Ministry of Justice (Lukman Wiradinata) and finance minister (Prof.Dr. Sumitro Djojohadikusumo). Instruments that are traded: Government Bonds RI (1950)* 1956: the nationalization of the Dutch program. Stock is not actively growing.* 1956 - 1977: Stock Exchange Trading in a vacuum.* August 10, 1977: Stock Exchange re-opened by President Soeharto. JSE is run under the BAPEPAM (Capital Market Executive Agency). August 10 is celebrated as the anniversary of the Capital Market. Reactivation of the capital market is also characterized by publicly listed PT Semen Cibinong as the first issuer.* 1977 - 1987: Trade on the Stock Exchange is very sluggish. The number of issuers until 1987 only reached 24. Community rather than an instrument of banking capital market instruments.* 1987: Characterized by the presence in December 1987 Package (This package 87) which makes it easy for companies to hold a public offering and foreign investors investing in Indonesia.* 1988 - 1990: The package of deregulation in the field of Banking and Capital Markets launched. JSE opens the door to strangers. Seen increased market activity.* June 2, 1988: Parallel Exchange Indonesia (BPI) started to operate and are managed by the Association of Exchange and Securities Trading (PPUE), while the organization is made up of brokers and dealers.* December 1988: The government issued December 88 Package (This package 88) which provides an easy company to go public and some other positive policies for the growth of capital markets.* June 16, 1989: Surabaya Stock Exchange (BES) began operations and is managed by a privately owned Limited Company that is Surabaya Stock Exchange.* July 13, 1992: The privatization of the JSE. BAPEPAM changed to the Capital Market Supervisory Board. This date is celebrated as the anniversary of the JSE.* May 22, 1995: Automation System trading on the JSE implemented a computer system JATS (Jakarta Automatic Trading Systems).* 10 November 1995: Government issued Law No. 8 Year 1995 concerning Capital Market. This Act came into effect starting January 1996.* 1995: Parallel Indonesia Stock Exchange merged with the Surabaya Stock Exchange.* 2000: Exchange System without paper (scripless trading) began to be applied in the Indonesian capital market.* 2002: JSE trading system to apply the long-distance (remote trading).2007: Merger Surabaya Stock Exchange (BES) to the Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSX) and changed its name to the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI).In the history of the Indonesian capital market, buying and selling activities of stocks and bonds began in the 19th century. According to the book issued by Verreniging Effectengids voor den Effectenhandel in 1939, buying and selling securities have been held since 1880.On December 14, 1912, Amserdamse Effectenbueurs stock exchanges set up branches in Batavia. In Asia, stock Batavia is the oldest of the four after Bombay, Hong Kong, and Tokyo.Colonization PeriodAround the beginning of the 19th century Dutch colonial government started building a large scale plantations in Indonesia. As one source of funding is from savers who have deployed their best. The depositor is made up of the Dutch and other Europeans whose income is much higher than the indigenous population earning.On this basis, the colonial government when it established the capital markets. Having made preparations, then finally officially established capital markets in Indonesia, located in Batavia (Jakarta) on December 14, 1912 and named Vereniging voor de Effectenhandel (stock exchange) and immediately begin trading.At the beginning there were 13 active members of the exchange (brokers) are: Fa. Dunlop & Kolf; Fa. Gijselman & Steup; Fa. Monod & Co.; Fa. Adree Witansi & Co.; Fa. A.W. Deeleman; Fa. H. July Joostensz; Fa. Jeannette Walen; Fa. Wiekert & V.D. Linden; Fa. Walbrink & Co; Wieckert & V.D. Linden; Fa. Vermeys & Co; Fa. Cruyff and Fa. Gebroeders.While the securities are traded stocks and corporate bonds / Dutch plantation operations in Indonesia, bonds issued by governments (provincial and municipal), corporations share certificates issued by the U.S. administration office in the Netherlands and the effects of other Dutch companies.Development of capital markets in Batavia was so rapid that it attracted other urban communities. To accommodate these interests, on January 11, 1925 in the city of Surabaya and Semarang August 1, 1925 was officially established in the exchange.Members of the exchange in Surabaya at that time were: Fa. Dunlop & Koff, Fa. Gijselman & Steup, Fa. V. Van Velsen, Fa. Beaukkerk & Cop, and N. Koster. While members of the exchanges in Semarang time were: Fa. Dunlop & Koff, Fa. Gijselman & Steup, Fa. Monad & Co., Fa. Companien & Co., as well as Fa. P.H. Soeters & Co.Development of capital markets was quite encouraging as seen from the value of securities listed which reached 1.4 billion NIF (if the index with the price of subsidized rice in 1982, its value is + Rp. 7 trillion) derived from 250 kinds of effects.World War IIAt the beginning of 1939 the political situation in Europe to warm temperatures with the mounting power of Adolf Hitler. Looking at these circumstances, the Dutch government took the policy to concentrate its securities trade in Batavia and Surabaya stock exchanges close and in Semarang.However, on May 17, 1940 overall trading activity is closed and issued regulations stating that all effects should be kept in a bank designated by the Government of the Netherlands East Indies. Closure of the three stock exchanges is very disturbing liquidity effects, complicating the owners of securities, and also resulted in the closure of brokerage offices as well as termination of employment. It also resulted in many companies and individuals are reluctant to invest in Indonesia.Thus, it can be said, the outbreak of World War II marked the end of the capital market activities in the Dutch colonial era.Active ReturnA year after the Dutch government to recognize the sovereignty of Indonesia, precisely in 1950, bonds issued by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. This event marks the start active again the Indonesian Capital Market.Preceded by the publication of the Emergency Law No. 13 on 1 September 1951, which later ditetapkankan as Law. 15 of the Stock Exchange in 1952, the government of Indonesia to reopen the Jakarta Stock Exchange on June 31, 1952, after a halt for 12 years. The implementation is left to the Trade Union Money and Securities (PPUE) which consists of three state banks and some other securities broker with Bank Indonesia as an adviser.Since then the stock exchange is growing rapidly, although the effect is traded securities issued prior to World War II. This activity is increasing since the Industrial State Bank issued a bond loan in a row in 1954, 1955, and 1956. The buyers of bonds many Dutch citizens, both individuals and legal entities. All members are allowed to do transactions with foreign abitrase especially in Amsterdam.Period of ConfrontationHowever, this situation only lasted until 1958, because from then look downturn and the decline of trade in the Exchange. This is due to the political confrontation that launched the government of Indonesia to the Netherlands to disrupt economic ties between the two countries and resulted in many Dutch citizens to leave Indonesia.The development is in line with the more severe deterioration of relations of the Republic of Indonesia and the Netherlands regarding the dispute Irian Jaya and mounting the takeover of all the action of the Dutch company in Indonesia, in accordance with Law No Nationalization. 86 of 1958.Then followed the instructions from the Agency for Nationalization of the Netherlands (Banas) in 1960, a ban on the Indonesia Stock Exchange to trade in all securities of Dutch companies operating in Indonesia, including all securities bernominasi Dutch currency, further aggravating the effects of trade in Indonesia.The inflation rate at the time when it is high enough, the shake and reduce public confidence in money markets and capital markets, also against the rupiah currency which reached its peak in 1966.This decrease resulted in nominal value of shares and bonds is low, so it no longer attractive to investors. This is a tidal Indonesia Capital Market in the Old Order era.Step by step taken by the New Order government to restore public confidence in the rupiah currency. Besides the deployment of public funds through savings and deposits, the government continues to hold a special preparation to form the Capital Market.By decree No. BI directors. 4/16 Kep-Dir dated July 26, 1968, at BI in the form of team preparation (PU) and the Money Market (PM) Capital Markets. The research team showed that the seed of the PM in Indonesia the government has actually been planted since 1952, but because the political situation and the people still lay on the capital markets, the growth in the Indonesia Stock Exchange since 1958 s / d in 1976 suffered a setback.After the team completed the job well, then-Minister of Finance Decree No. Kep. Kep-25/MK/IV/1/72 dated January 13, 1972 the team was disbanded, and in 1976 formed Bapepam (Capital Market Board of Trustees) and PT Danareksa. Bapepam assigned to assist the Minister of Finance, chaired by the Governor of the Central Bank.With the formation of Bapepam, the seriousness and the intensity look to reshape the PU and PM. Aside from being a servant of the Exchequer, Bapepam also run a double function as supervisors and managers of the stock exchange.On August 10, 1977 by Presidential Decree No.. 52 of 1976 reinstated the capital markets and its going public several companies. At the time of the new order is the development of PM can be divided into two, namely 1977, s / d in 1987 and 1987 s / d now.Development of capital markets during 1977 s / d 1987 experienced a decline despite the government has provided facilities to companies which use the funds from the stock exchange. Facilities have been awarded, among others, tax facilities to stimulate the community to be active in the plunge and Capital Markets.Delays in the development of capital markets during the period was caused by several problems, among others, regarding the procedure of share issuance and the bonds that are too tight, the stock price fluctuation limits and so forth.To solve the problem, the government issued a range of developments relating to the deregulation of capital markets, namely in December 1987 Policy Package, Package Policy in October 1988, and Policy Package in December 1988.This package 1987This package is a simplification of the requirements of the 1987 emission shares and bonds, the abolition of fees previously levied by Bapepam, such as issuance fee. In addition it also opened the opportunity for foreign investors to buy securities capped at 49% of total emissions.87 This package also removes limits on stock price fluctuations and the stock exchange introduced the parallel market. As an option for issuers who have not qualified to enter the stock exchange.Pakto 88Pakto 88 perbankkan sector aimed at, but having an impact on the development of capital markets. Pakto 88 contains provisions about 3 L (Legal, Lending, Limit), and the imposition of tax on deposit interest.The imposition of this tax had a positive impact on the development of capital markets. Because the release of this policy means the government gives equal treatment between the banking sector and capital market sectors.This package 8888 This package is basically giving a further boost to the capital markets by opening up opportunities for the private sector to organize the exchange.Because these three policy becomes active capital markets for the period 1988 to present.At the time of the Capital Market was revived in 1976, established Bapepam, the abbreviation of the Capital Market Executive Agency.According to Presidential Decree No.52/1976, Bapepam in charge:* Conducting an assessment of the companies that will sell shares through the capital market if it has been determined eligible and healthy and good;* Stock Holding Capital Markets effective and efficient;* Continuous menurus follow the development of firms that sell shares through the stock market.Bapepam is headed by a chairman appointed by the President and the duties he is responsible to the Minister of Finance.End of DualismIn the beginning, besides acting as an organizer, Bapepam was also a builder and supervisor. But ultimately self-duality in this Bapepam dispensed in 1990 with the release of Presidential Decree. 53/1990 and Decree No. minister. 1548/1990.The exit of Presidential Decree 53 on the Capital Market and Finance Minister Decree No. 1548 marked the year 1990 a new era for the development of capital markets. The duality of function of Bapepam removed, so the agency can focus on coaching supervision of capital markets.With this function, Bapepam may realize the goal of creating an orderly capital market activities fair, efficient, and to protect the interests of investors and the public. Compared with the main tasks of the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) in the United States, is almost the same task. SEC charge of maintaining the openness of capital markets in full to the investor community and protect the interests of public investors in the stock market malpractice.

History of Islamic Banking

DiscussionI. History of Islamic Bankinga. History of Islamic banking in the WorldThe term Islamic banking or Islamic Banking is a new phenomenon in the modern world economy, its emergence as the intense efforts made by Islamic scholars in Islam who is believed to support the economy will be able to replace and improve the conventional economic system based on interest. That's why Sharia Banking system to implement an interest-free system (interest free) in operation, and therefore the most common formula for defining Shariah Banking is the bank that operates in accordance with the principles of Islamic law, with reference to the Al-Quran and Sunnah as the basis for the legal and operational basis.Theoretical concept of Islamic banking first appeared, according to Remy Sjahadeini Sultan in his thoughts of the writers that are initially floated the idea of ​​Sharia banking is Anwar Iqbal Qureshi, Naiem Siddiqi and Ahmad Mahmmud. Then a more detailed description of this idea was written by Al Maududi (1950). Uzair Maududi was a pioneer of Islamic banking theory in his work entitled A Groundwork for Interest Free Bank.An idea which has emerged in the 50's did not immediately give way to the field of Islamic banking. In the 1960s, banks become Sharia only theoretical discourse. There has been no concrete steps that allow the practical implementation of these ideas. In fact, it has been a realization that the bank's Shariah is the solution of economic problems to produce social welfare in Muslim countries.Until in 1963 from an institutional point of the first Islamic Bank is the MYT-Ghamr Bank. Founded in Egypt, with the help of capital from King Faisal of Saudi Arabia and is the target of Prof. Dr. Abdul Aziz Ahmad El Nagar. MYT-Ghamr Bank management considered to be successfully integrated with the German banking system to translate the principles of Islam muamalah in bank products are suitable for rural areas are largely oriented towards the agricultural industry. However, due to political issues, in 1967 MYT-Ghamr Islamic Bank closed. Then in 1971 the Egyptian Islamic Bank successfully re-established with the name of Nasser Social Bank, the only purpose more social than commercial. Being the first Islamic Bank is the private nature of Dubai Islamic Bank, established in 1975 by a group of Muslim businessmen from various countries. In 1977 established two Islamic banks in the name of Faysal Islamic Bank of Egypt and Sudan. And in that year the government also established the Kuwait Finance House Kuwait.Internationally, the development of Islamic banking was first initiated by Egypt. Because Egypt has inspired the first conference of Islamic economics in Makkah in 1975. As a follow-up to recommendations from the conference, two years later, was born the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) which is then followed by the establishment of Islamic financial institutions in various countries, including countries not members of the OIC, as Filipinos, UK, Australia, United States and Russia.Since then approached the early decades of the 1980s, Islamic banks are popping up in Egypt, Sudan, the Gulf states, Pakistan, Iran, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Turkey. Broadly speaking, the Islamic banking institutions that have sprung up that can be categorized into two types, namely the Muslim Commercial Bank (Islamic Commercial Bank), as Faysal Islamic Bank (Egypt and Sudan), Kuwait Finance House, Dubai Islamic Bank, Jordan Islamic Bank for Finance and Investment, Bahrain Islamic Bank and Islamic International Bank for Finance and Development; or investment institutions in the form of international holding companies, such as Dar Al-Maal Al-Islami (Geneva), Islamic Investment Company of the Gulf, Islamic Investment Company (Bahamas ), Islamic Investment Company (Sudan) Islamic Investment Bank of Bahrain (Manama) and the Islamic Investment House (Amman).On his journey Shariah-based banking system, is increasingly popular not only in Islamic countries but also western countries, characterized by increasingly fertile banks that implement this concept. The development of Islamic banking, or banking with the concept for signifying the Islamic concept in the management of wealth / money received universal habit of mankind, because obviously the concept of usury or interest in Islam is forbidden and contrary to the concept of humanity.
b. History of Islamic Banking in IndonesiaAs the development of Islamic banking in the world of thought, especially Islamic countries, Indonesia participated got swept up in the demands of talented thought-Indonesia Muslim scholars.Indonesia as a Muslim-majority country in the world's largest emerging thinking about the need to implement sharia-based banking system that emerged in 1974. the emergence of Shariah-based banking insights in a seminar-Indonesia Relations Middle East organized by the Institute of Social Sciences Studies (LSIK). Development of thinking about the need for Muslims in Indonesia have their own Islamic banks begin to blow from it, as the emergence of a new awareness of Muslim intellectuals and scholars in the economic empowerment of the community. At first there had been an exhaustive debate on the law and the law of zakat Bank interest vs tax among the clergy, scholars and Muslim intellectuals.Differences and debate among scholars or ulama 'remarkable, differences of opinion among scholars regarding Indonesia flower broadly divided in three groups: the group that justifies, say groups and groups that forbid doubtful. This will determine public response to the Islamic bank. Umar Shihab, one of the scholars NU (NU) as a representation of scholars have argued that bank interest is permissible, based his opinion on a number of reasons. First, the amount of money collected and interest provided by banks to customers is much smaller than usury imposed at the time of ignorance. Second, the tax rate that banks do not make the bank itself and its customers gain a large or otherwise not going to feel aggrieved with interest. Third, the purpose of credit of the debtor at the time of ignorance is for consumption, while at the productive aims. Fourth, the willingness of both parties as well as the ability to transact the sale of the voluntary principle.The opinion Majelas Legal Affairs Committee as the organization Muhammadiyah in Indonesia's second largest bank decided that the interest rate provided by state-owned bank to its customers, or vice versa during the applicable included in doubtful cases. However, of these factors, only the offending bank interest granted by the state bank, stating that the interest granted by the state is allowed, for a given interest rate is still low, when compared with rates at private banks.NU organization as the largest Islamic organization in Indonesia, in addition to the Muhammadiyah, to decide the issue of bank interest by several times a session, with the polarization of opinion in the three groups, namely, haram, halal, and doubtful. However, although there are differences of views, Bahsul Masa'il Standing Committee decided that a more cautious is the first opinion, that is unlawful bank interest.The differences among the Muslims did not discourage the emergence of Islamic banking in Indonesia, pioneering the practice of Islamic banking in Indonesia began in the early period of the 1980s, through themed discussions of Islamic banks as the economic pillar of Islam. The characters involved in the assessment, to name a few, among which are Karnaen A Perwataatmadja, M Dawam Rahardjo, AM Saefuddin, and M Amien Azis. As a test, the idea of ​​Islamic banking is practiced in a relatively limited scale of which in London (Temple At-Tamwil Salman ITB) and in Jakarta (Cooperative Ridho Gusti). As an illustration, M Dawam Rahardjo never filed a recommendation in writing of Sharia Banks as an alternative concept to avoid the prohibition of usury, as well as trying to answer the challenge to the financing needs for business and community economic development. Way out in passing mentioned the financing transaction is based on three modes, namely mudlarabah, musharaka and murabaha. More specific initiative on the establishment of a new Islamic bank in Indonesia carried out in 1990. On August 18 to 20 years, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) hosted a workshop in the interest of banks and banking Cisarua, Bogor, West Java. The results of the workshop are then discussed in more depth at the IV National Congress of the MUI in Jakarta August 22 to 25, 1990, resulting in the formation of a working group mandated the establishment of Islamic banks in Indonesia. The working group is called the MUI by banking team was given the task to approach and consult with all interested parties. As a result of team work is the establishment of MUI Bank PT Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI), the corresponding deed of establishment, was established on November 1, 1991. Since the date of May 1, 1992, BMI is operating with an initial capital of Rp 106.126.382.000, -. As of September 1999, BMI has more than 45 outlets throughout Indonesia.After the establishment of Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI), followed by the establishment-SRB SRB and other evidence of Islamic banking is not affected by the monetary crisis in 1998 then finally followed by the establishment of banking, commercial banking establish sharia-based banking.